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NEW QUESTION # 341
Which of the following is assured by the use of a hash?
- A. Availability
- B. Confidentiality
- C. Authentication
- D. Integrity
Answer: D
NEW QUESTION # 342
Dayn, an attacker, wanted to detect if any honeypots are installed in a target network. For this purpose, he used a time-based TCP fingerprinting method to validate the response to a normal computer and the response of a honeypot to a manual SYN request. Which of the following techniques is employed by Dayn to detect honeypots?
- A. Detecting honeypots running on VMware
- B. Detecting the presence of Snort_inline honeypots
- C. Detecting the presence of Honeyd honeypots
- D. Detecting the presence of Sebek-based honeypots
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION # 343
John wants to send Marie an email that includes sensitive information, and he does not trust the network that he is connected to. Marie gives him the idea of using PGP. What should John do to communicate correctly using this type of encryption?
- A. Use Marie's private key to encrypt the message.
- B. Use his own private key to encrypt the message.
- C. Use his own public key to encrypt the message.
- D. Use Marie's public key to encrypt the message.
Answer: D
Explanation:
When a user encrypts plaintext with PGP, PGP first compresses the plaintext. The session key works with a very secure, fast conventional encryption algorithm to encrypt the plaintext; the result is ciphertext. Once the data is encrypted, the session key is then encrypted to the recipient's public key
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretty_Good_Privacy
Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) is an encryption program that provides cryptographic privacy and authentication for data communication. PGP is used for signing, encrypting, and decrypting texts, e-mails, files, directories, and whole disk partitions and to increase the security of e-mail communications.
PGP encryption uses a serial combination of hashing, data compression, symmetric-key cryptography, and finally public-key cryptography; each step uses one of several supported algorithms. Each public key is bound to a username or an e-mail address.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public-key_cryptography
Public key encryption uses two different keys. One key is used to encrypt the information and the other is used to decrypt the information. Sometimes this is referred to as asymmetric encryption because two keys are required to make the system and/or process work securely. One key is known as the public key and should be shared by the owner with anyone who will be securely communicating with the key owner. However, the owner's secret key is not to be shared and considered a private key. If the private key is shared with unauthorized recipients, the encryption mechanisms protecting the information must be considered compromised.
NEW QUESTION # 344
A company's security policy states that all Web browsers must automatically delete their HTTP browser cookies upon terminating. What sort of security breach is this policy attempting to mitigate?
- A. Attempts by attackers to access the user and password information stored in the company's SQL database.
- B. Attempts by attackers to determine the user's Web browser usage patterns, including when sites were visited and for how long.
- C. Attempts by attackers to access Web sites that trust the Web browser user by stealing the user's authentication credentials.
- D. Attempts by attackers to access password stored on the user's computer without the user's knowledge.
Answer: C
NEW QUESTION # 345
How does a denial-of-service attack work?
- A. A hacker attempts to imitate a legitimate user by confusing a computer or even another person
- B. A hacker prevents a legitimate user (or group of users) from accessing a service
- C. A hacker uses every character, word, or letter he or she can think of to defeat authentication
- D. A hacker tries to decipher a password by using a system, which subsequently crashes the network
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION # 346
To invisibly maintain access to a machine, an attacker utilizes a toolkit that sits undetected In the core components of the operating system. What is this type of rootkit an example of?
- A. Firmware rootkit
- B. Kernel toolkit
- C. Mypervisor rootkit
- D. Hardware rootkit
Answer: B
Explanation:
Kernel-mode rootkits run with the best operating system privileges (Ring 0) by adding code or replacement parts of the core operating system, as well as each the kernel and associated device drivers. Most operative systems support kernel-mode device drivers, that execute with a similar privileges because the software itself.
As such, several kernel-mode rootkits square measure developed as device drivers or loadable modules, like loadable kernel modules in Linux or device drivers in Microsoft Windows. This category of rootkit has unrestricted security access, however is tougher to jot down. The quality makes bugs common, and any bugs in code operative at the kernel level could seriously impact system stability, resulting in discovery of the rootkit. one amongst the primary wide familiar kernel rootkits was developed for Windows NT four.0 and discharged in Phrack magazine in 1999 by Greg Hoglund. Kernel rootkits is particularly tough to observe and take away as a result of they operate at a similar security level because the software itself, and square measure therefore able to intercept or subvert the foremost sure software operations. Any package, like antivirus package, running on the compromised system is equally vulnerable. during this scenario, no a part of the system is sure.
NEW QUESTION # 347
Which of the following Bluetooth hacking techniques does an attacker use to send messages to users without the recipient's consent, similar to email spamming?
- A. BlueSniffing
- B. Bluejacking
- C. Bluesnarfing
- D. Bluesmacking
Answer: B
Explanation:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluejacking
Bluejacking is the sending of unsolicited messages over Bluetooth to Bluetooth-enabled devices such as mobile phones, PDAs or laptop computers, sending a vCard which typically contains a message in the name field (i.e., for bluedating or bluechat) to another Bluetooth-enabled device via the OBEX protocol.
Bluejacking is usually harmless, but because bluejacked people generally don't know what has happened, they may think that their phone is malfunctioning. Usually, a bluejacker will only send a text message, but with modern phones it's possible to send images or sounds as well. Bluejacking has been used in guerrilla marketing campaigns to promote advergames.
Bluejacking is also confused with Bluesnarfing, which is the way in which mobile phones are illegally hacked via Bluetooth.
NEW QUESTION # 348
You are using a public Wi-Fi network inside a coffee shop. Before surfing the web, you use your VPN to prevent intruders from sniffing your traffic. If you did not have a VPN, how would you identify whether someone is performing an ARP spoofing attack on your laptop?
- A. You cannot identify such an attack and must use a VPN to protect your traffic, r
- B. You should scan the network using Nmap to check the MAC addresses of all the hosts and look for duplicates.
- C. You should use netstat to check for any suspicious connections with another IP address within the LAN.
- D. You should check your ARP table and see if there is one IP address with two different MAC addresses.
Answer: D
Explanation:
ARP Spoofing Attack ARP packets can be forged to send data to the attacker's machine.Attackers flood a target computer's ARP cache with forged entries, which is also known as poisoning. (P.1143/1127)
NEW QUESTION # 349
Elante company has recently hired James as a penetration tester. He was tasked with performing enumeration on an organization's network. In the process of enumeration, James discovered a service that is accessible to external sources. This service runs directly on port 21. What is the service enumerated byjames in the above scenario?
- A. Remote procedure call (RPC)
- B. Network File System (NFS)
- C. Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)
- D. File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
Answer: D
NEW QUESTION # 350
After an audit, the auditors Inform you that there is a critical finding that you must tackle Immediately. You read the audit report, and the problem is the service running on port 389. Which service Is this and how can you tackle the problem?
- A. The service is SMTP, and you must change it to SMIME. which is an encrypted way to send emails.
- B. The findings do not require immediate actions and are only suggestions.
- C. The service is LDAP. and you must change it to 636. which is LDPAPS.
- D. The service is NTP. and you have to change It from UDP to TCP in order to encrypt it
Answer: C
Explanation:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightweight_Directory_Access_Protocol
LDAP, the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol, is a mature, flexible, and well supported standards-based mechanism for interacting with directory servers. It's often used for authentication and storing information about users, groups, and applications, but an LDAP directory server is a fairly general-purpose data store and can be used in a wide variety of applications.
The LDAP protocol can deal in quite a bit of sensitive data: Active Directory usernames, login attempts, failed-login notifications, and more. If attackers get ahold of that data in flight, they might be able to compromise data like legitimate AD credentials and use it to poke around your network in search of valuable assets.
Encrypting LDAP traffic in flight across the network can help prevent credential theft and other malicious activity, but it's not a failsafe-and if traffic is encrypted, your own team might miss the signs of an attempted attack in progress.
While LDAP encryption isn't standard, there is a nonstandard version of LDAP called Secure LDAP, also known as "LDAPS" or "LDAP over SSL" (SSL, or Secure Socket Layer, being the now-deprecated ancestor of Transport Layer Security).
LDAPS uses its own distinct network port to connect clients and servers. The default port for LDAP is port
389, but LDAPS uses port 636 and establishes TLS/SSL upon connecting with a client.
NEW QUESTION # 351
Josh has finished scanning a network and has discovered multiple vulnerable services. He knows that several of these usually have protections against external sources but are frequently susceptible to internal users. He decides to draft an email, spoof the sender as the internal IT team, and attach a malicious file disguised as a financial spreadsheet. Before Josh sends the email, he decides to investigate other methods of getting the file onto the system. For this particular attempt, what was the last stage of the cyber kill chain that Josh performed?
- A. Delivery
- B. Weaponization
- C. Reconnaissance
- D. Exploitation
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION # 352
In the context of password security, a simple dictionary attack involves loading a dictionary file (a text file full of dictionary words) into a cracking application such as L0phtCrack or John the Ripper, and running it against user accounts located by the application. The larger the word and word fragment selection, the more effective the dictionary attack is. The brute force method is the most inclusive, although slow. It usually tries every possible letter and number combination in its automated exploration. If you would use both brute force and dictionary methods combined together to have variation of words, what would you call such an attack?
- A. Hybrid
- B. Thorough
- C. Full Blown
- D. BruteDics
Answer: A
NEW QUESTION # 353
Which of the following LM hashes represent a password of less than 8 characters? (Choose two.)
- A. BA810DBA98995F1817306D272A9441BB
- B. 44EFCE164AB921CQAAD3B435B51404EE
- C. B757BF5C0D87772FAAD3B435B51404EE
- D. CEC52EB9C8E3455DC2265B23734E0DAC
- E. 0182BD0BD4444BF836077A718CCDF409
- F. E52CAC67419A9A224A3B108F3FA6CB6D
Answer: B,C
NEW QUESTION # 354
infecting a system with malware and using phishing to gain credentials to a system or web application are examples of which phase of the ethical hacking methodology?
- A. Scanning
- B. Reconnaissance
- C. Gaining access
- D. Maintaining access
Answer: C
Explanation:
This phase having the hacker uses different techniques and tools to realize maximum data from the system.
they're -* Password cracking - Methods like Bruteforce, dictionary attack, rule-based attack, rainbow table are used. Bruteforce is trying all combinations of the password. Dictionary attack is trying an inventory of meaningful words until the password matches. Rainbow table takes the hash value of the password and compares with pre-computed hash values until a match is discovered.* Password attacks - Passive attacks like wire sniffing, replay attack. Active online attack like Trojans, keyloggers, hash injection, phishing. Offline attacks like pre-computed hash, distributed network and rainbow. Non electronic attack like shoulder surfing, social engineering and dumpster diving.
NEW QUESTION # 355
Which command can be used to show the current TCP/IP connections?
- A. Net use connection
- B. Netsh
- C. Netstat
- D. Net use
Answer: B
NEW QUESTION # 356
Stephen, an attacker, targeted the industrial control systems of an organization. He generated a fraudulent email with a malicious attachment and sent it to employees of the target organization. An employee who manages the sales software of the operational plant opened the fraudulent email and clicked on the malicious attachment. This resulted in the malicious attachment being downloaded and malware being injected into the sales software maintained in the victim's system. Further, the malware propagated itself to other networked systems, finally damaging the industrial automation components. What is the attack technique used by Stephen to damage the industrial systems?
- A. Reconnaissance attack
- B. HMI-based attack
- C. SMishing attack
- D. Spear-phishing attack
Answer: D
NEW QUESTION # 357
You went to great lengths to install all the necessary technologies to prevent hacking attacks, such as expensive firewalls, antivirus software, anti-spam systems and intrusion detection/prevention tools in your company's network. You have configured the most secure policies and tightened every device on your network. You are confident that hackers will never be able to gain access to your network with complex security system in place.
Your peer, Peter Smith who works at the same department disagrees with you.
He says even the best network security technologies cannot prevent hackers gaining access to the network because of presence of "weakest link" in the security chain.
What is Peter Smith talking about?
- A. Continuous Spam e-mails cannot be blocked by your security system since spammers use different techniques to bypass the filters in your gateway
- B. "Polymorphic viruses" are the weakest link in the security chain since the Anti-Virus scanners will not be able to detect these attacks
- C. "zero-day" exploits are the weakest link in the security chain since the IDS will not be able to detect these attacks
- D. Untrained staff or ignorant computer users who inadvertently become the weakest link in your security chain
Answer: D
NEW QUESTION # 358
A large enterprise has been experiencing sporadic system crashes and instability, resulting in limited access to its web services. The security team suspects it could be a result of a Denial of Service (DoS) attack. A significant increase in traffic was noticed in the network logs, with patterns suggesting packet sizes exceeding the prescribed size limit. Which among the following DoS attack techniques best describes this scenario?
- A. Smurf attack
- B. UDP flood attack
- C. Ping of Death attack
- D. Pulse wave attack
Answer: C
Explanation:
A Ping of Death attack is a type of DoS attack that exploits a vulnerability in the IP protocol that allows packets to be fragmented and reassembled at the destination. The attacker sends a malformed packet that exceeds the maximum size of 65,535 bytes, which causes the target system to crash or become unstable when it tries to reassemble the packet. This attack can affect various operating systems and devices, such as routers, switches, and firewalls. A Ping of Death attack can be detected by monitoring the network traffic for unusually large packets or ICMP messages. References:
* Ping of Death (PoD) Attack
* Denial-of-Service Attacks: History, Techniques & Prevention
* What is a denial-of-service (DoS) attack?
NEW QUESTION # 359
An incident investigator asks to receive a copy of the event logs from all firewalls, proxy servers, and Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) on the network of an organization that has experienced a possible breach of security. When the investigator attempts to correlate the information in all of the logs, the sequence of many of the logged events do not match up.
What is the most likely cause?
- A. The network devices are not all synchronized.
- B. The attacker altered or erased events from the logs.
- C. The security breach was a false positive.
- D. Proper chain of custody was not observed while collecting the logs.
Answer: A
Explanation:
Many network and system administrators don't pay enough attention to system clock accuracy and time synchronization. Computer clocks can run faster or slower over time, batteries and power sources die, or daylight-saving time changes are forgotten. Sure, there are many more pressing security issues to deal with, but not ensuring that the time on network devices is synchronized can cause problems. And these problems often only come to light after a security incident.
If you suspect a hacker is accessing your network, for example, you will want to analyze your log files to look for any suspicious activity. If your network's security devices do not have synchronized times, the timestamps' inaccuracy makes it impossible to correlate log files from different sources. Not only will you have difficulty in tracking events, but you will also find it difficult to use such evidence in court; you won't be able to illustrate a smooth progression of events as they occurred throughout your network.
NEW QUESTION # 360
A skilled ethical hacker was assigned to perform a thorough OS discovery on a potential target. They decided to adopt an advanced fingerprinting technique and sent a TCP packet to an open TCP port with specific flags enabled. Upon receiving the reply, they noticed the flags were SYN and ECN-Echo. Which test did the ethical hacker conduct and why was this specific approach adopted?
- A. Test 2: This test was chosen because a TCP packet with no flags enabled is known as a NULL packet and this would allow the hacker to assess the OS of the target
- B. Test 6; The hacker selected this test because a TCP packet with the ACK flag enabled sent to a closed TCP port would yield more information about the OS
- C. Test 3: The test was executed to observe the response of the target system when a packet with URG, PSH, SYN, and FIN flags was sent, thereby identifying the OS
- D. Qrest 1: The test was conducted because SYN and ECN-Echo flags enabled to allow the hacker to probe the nature of the response and subsequently determine the OS fingerprint
Answer: D
Explanation:
The ethical hacker conducted Test 1, which is a TCP/IP stack fingerprinting technique that uses the SYN and ECN-Echo flags to determine the OS of the target system. The SYN flag is used to initiate a TCP connection, and the ECN-Echo flag is used to indicate that the sender supports Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN), which is a mechanism to reduce network congestion. Different OSes have different implementations and responses to these flags, which can reveal their identity. For example, Windows XP and 2000 will reply with SYN and ECN-Echo flags set, while Linux will reply with only SYN flag set. By sending a TCP packet with these flags enabled to an open TCP port and observing the reply, the ethical hacker can probe the nature of the response and subsequently determine the OS fingerprint.
The ethical hacker adopted this specific approach because it is an advanced and stealthy technique that can evade some firewalls and intrusion detection systems (IDS) that may block or alert other types of packets, such as NULL, FIN, or Xmas packets. Moreover, this technique can provide more accurate and reliable results than other techniques, such as banner grabbing or passive analysis, that may depend on the availability or validity of the information provided by the target system.
The other options are not correct, as they describe different tests and reasons. Test 3 is a TCP/IP stack fingerprinting technique that uses the URG, PSH, SYN, and FIN flags to determine the OS of the target system. Test 2 is a TCP/IP stack fingerprinting technique that uses a NULL packet, which is a TCP packet with no flags enabled, to determine the OS of the target system. Test 6 is a TCP/IP stack fingerprinting technique that uses the ACK flag, which is used to acknowledge the receipt of a TCP segment, to determine the OS of the target system. References:
* OS and Application Fingerprinting | SANS Institute
* Operating System Fingerprinting | SpringerLink
* OS and Application Fingerprinting - community.akamai.com
* What is OS Fingerprinting and Techniques - Zerosuniverse
NEW QUESTION # 361
A cybersecurity analyst in an organization is using the Common Vulnerability Scoring System to assess and prioritize identified vulnerabilities in their IT infrastructure. They encountered a vulnerability with a base metric score of 7, a temporal metric score of 8, and an environmental metric score of 5. Which statement best describes this scenario?
- A. The vulnerability has a medium severity with a high likelihood of exploitability over time and a considerable impact in their specific environment
- B. The vulnerability has a medium severity with a diminishing likelihood of exploitability over time, but a significant impact in their specific environment
- C. The vulnerability has an overall high severity with a diminishing likelihood of exploitability over time, but it is less impactful in their specific environment
- D. The vulnerability has an overall high severity, the likelihood of exploitability is increasing over time, and it has a medium impact in their specific environment
Answer: D
Explanation:
The Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) is a method used to supply a qualitative measure of severity for a vulnerability. CVSS consists of three metric groups: Base, Temporal, and Environmental. The Base metrics produce a score ranging from 0 to 10, which can then be modified by scoring the Temporal and Environmental metrics. A vector string represents the values of all the metrics as a block of text1 The Base metrics measure the intrinsic characteristics of a vulnerability, such as the attack vector, the attack complexity, the required privileges, the user interaction, the scope, and the impact on confidentiality, integrity, and availability. The Base score reflects the severity of a vulnerability assuming that there is no temporal information or context available1 The Temporal metrics measure the characteristics of a vulnerability that change over time, such as the exploit code maturity, the remediation level, and the report confidence. The Temporal score reflects the current state of a vulnerability and its likelihood of being exploited1 The Environmental metrics measure the characteristics of a vulnerability that depend on a specific implementation or environment, such as the security requirements, the modified base metrics, and the collateral damage potential. The Environmental score reflects the impact of a vulnerability on a particular organization or system1 In this scenario, the vulnerability has a Base score of 7, a Temporal score of 8, and an Environmental score of
5. This means that:
* The vulnerability has a high severity based on its intrinsic characteristics, such as the attack vector, the attack complexity, the required privileges, the user interaction, the scope, and the impact on confidentiality, integrity, and availability. A Base score of 7 corresponds to a high severity rating according to the CVSS v3.0 specification1
* The vulnerability has an increasing likelihood of exploitability over time based on its current state, such as the exploit code maturity, the remediation level, and the report confidence. A Temporal score of 8 is higher than the Base score of 7, which indicates that the vulnerability is more likely to be exploited as time passes1
* The vulnerability has a medium impact on the specific environment or implementation based on the security requirements, the modified base metrics, and the collateral damage potential. An Environmental score of 5 is lower than the Base score of 7, which indicates that the vulnerability is less impactful in the particular context of the organization or system1 Therefore, the statement that best describes this scenario is: The vulnerability has an overall high severity, the likelihood of exploitability is increasing over time, and it has a medium impact in their specific environment.
References:
* NVD - Vulnerability Metrics
NEW QUESTION # 362
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